Resources / Grain

The grain KPIs behind every tonne.

Long-term returns in cropping rarely come from one big gamble. They come from the compounding effect of small, measurable gains: an extra 100 kg/ha of yield, a protein grade lifted, a dollar shaved off cost per tonne. Tracking the right benchmarks is how you find those levers.

Wirrinya Downs
2,400 ha cropping program1,250 ha wheat750 ha barley310 mm GSR2025 season
01 / Yield & water
Output 3.8 & 4.6 t/ha

Grain yield

Tonnes harvested per hectare by crop — the headline number every other efficiency metric divides into.

Farm District 3.8 4.6 2.1 Wheat Barley Canola
t/ha by crop · farm vs district
Efficiency 19 kg/ha/mm

Water use efficiency

Grain grown per millimetre of growing-season water — the single truest read on how well a season was converted.

French-Schultz 22 19 23 20 Wheat Barley Farm avg
kg grain/ha per mm · higher better
Potential 86%

Yield-gap to potential

Actual yield as a share of the water-limited potential the season could have grown — the gap you can still close.

86% Achieved · 3.8 t/ha Gap · 0.6 t/ha of 4.4 t/ha potential
Actual ÷ water-limited potential
Establishment 145 plants/m²

Crop establishment

Established plants per square metre against the target density — the foundation every later decision rests on.

target 140 90 110 130 150 170 190
Plant density distribution · plants/m²
Physiology 0.42

Harvest index

The share of total crop biomass that ends up as grain rather than straw — how efficiently the plant partitions its work.

0.42 Grain · 42% Straw · 58%
Grain ÷ total above-ground biomass
02 / Grain quality & grade
Quality 11.8%

Wheat protein

The protein spread across delivered loads against the grade bands — the line between a milling premium and a feed discount.

avg 11.8% 9 10 11 12 13 14
Protein % distribution · delivered loads
Quality 78.5 kg/hL

Test weight

Grain packing density by load against the receival standard — a direct proxy for milling extraction and grade.

Receival std 74 77 79 78.5 80 Load 1 Load 2 Avg Load 3
kg/hL by load · vs milling standard
Quality 4.2%

Barley screenings

The share of small grain falling through the 2.2 mm sieve by load — the gate to a malt premium over a feed price.

Malt max 7% 3.8 4.5 4.2 4.4 Load 1 Load 2 Avg Load 3
% through 2.2 mm sieve · lower better
Output 82% on spec

Grade achieved

How the season's tonnes fell across grades — from everything harvested down to the premium-grade share that earns the top price.

Harvested · 8,900 t On-spec · 7,300 t Premium · 5,100 t 82% 57%
Tonnes by grade · % of harvest
03 / Soil & nutrition
Efficiency 38 kg/kgN

Nitrogen use efficiency

Kilograms of grain grown for every kilogram of nitrogen applied — how hard your most expensive input is working.

Top 20% ~45 32 35 36 38 2023 2024 2025 2026
kg grain per kg N applied · 4 yrs
Balance K mined 0.4×

Nutrient replacement

Nutrient applied against nutrient removed in grain, by element — where the ratio drops below one, you're mining the soil bank.

Balance 1.0× 1.25× 1.05× 0.4× 1.25× N P K S
Applied ÷ removed, by nutrient
Soil 5.6 pHCa

Soil pH

Topsoil acidity measured in calcium chloride, tracked against the target — the master variable behind nutrient availability and root health.

Target pHCa 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 2023 2024 2025 2026
Topsoil pH(CaCl₂) · after liming · 4 yrs
Fallow 31%

Fallow efficiency

The share of summer-fallow rainfall captured and held as plant-available soil water at sowing — insurance against a dry finish.

31% Target 30% Stored 31% Lost 69%
Soil water stored ÷ fallow rainfall
04 / Financial
Breakeven $248 / t

Cost of production

Total operating cost per tonne of grain produced — your breakeven, independent of whatever the market does at delivery.

$248 / t Fertiliser $78 Chemical $46 Machinery $52 Seed $22 Overheads $50
Operating cost per tonne produced
Market $345 / t

Price received

The average $/t your grain actually earned by crop and grade at delivery — read against cost of production, this is your margin.

Cost of production $248 $345 $332 $292 Wheat APW Barley malt Feed
$/t by grade · vs $248 breakeven
Margin $620 / ha

Gross margin per hectare

Crop revenue minus the direct variable costs, per hectare — the cleanest read on how the program performed above overheads.

$620 $430 $505 $560 2023 2024 2025 2026
Crop revenue − variable costs ÷ ha
Resilience 2.7 t/ha

Breakeven yield

The yield needed just to cover this season's costs at the price received — the buffer between you and a break-even season.

2.7 achieved 3.8 t/ha 0 5 t/ha
Breakeven vs achieved yield
Efficiency 72%

Operating expense ratio

Total operating costs as a share of gross farm income — how many cents of every dollar earned the running of the farm consumes.

72% Costs 72% Margin 28%
Operating costs ÷ gross income
05 / Environment
Footprint 0.28 t CO₂e

Emissions intensity

Tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emitted per tonne of grain produced — and it falls as nitrogen and fuel are used more efficiently.

Industry avg 0.32 0.34 0.28 2023 2024 2025 2026
t CO₂e per t grain · 4-year trend

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