Resources / Grain

The grain KPIs behind every tonne.

Long-term returns in cropping rarely come from one big gamble. They come from the compounding effect of small, measurable gains: an extra 100 kg/ha of yield, a protein grade lifted, a dollar shaved off cost per tonne. Tracking the right benchmarks is how you find those levers.

Wirrinya Downs
2,400 ha cropping program1,250 ha wheat750 ha barley310 mm GSR2025 season
01 / Yield & water

Grain yield

Tonnes harvested per hectare by crop, the headline number every other efficiency metric divides into.

Farm District 3.8 4.6 2.1 Wheat Barley Canola

Water use efficiency

Grain grown per millimetre of growing-season water, the single truest read on how well a season was converted.

French-Schultz 22 19 23 20 Wheat Barley Farm avg

Yield-gap to potential

Actual yield as a share of the water-limited potential the season could have grown, the gap you can still close.

86% Achieved · 3.8 t/ha Gap · 0.6 t/ha of 4.4 t/ha potential

Crop establishment

Established plants per square metre against the target density, the foundation every later decision rests on.

target 140 90 110 130 150 170 190

Harvest index

The share of total crop biomass that ends up as grain rather than straw, how efficiently the plant partitions its work.

0.42 Grain · 42% Straw · 58%
02 / Grain quality & grade

Wheat protein

The protein spread across delivered loads against the grade bands, the line between a milling premium and a feed discount.

avg 11.8% 9 10 11 12 13 14

Test weight

Grain packing density by load against the receival standard, a direct proxy for milling extraction and grade.

Receival std 74 77 79 78.5 80 Load 1 Load 2 Avg Load 3

Barley screenings

The share of small grain falling through the 2.2 mm sieve by load, the gate to a malt premium over a feed price.

Malt max 7% 3.8 4.5 4.2 4.4 Load 1 Load 2 Avg Load 3

Grade achieved

How the season's tonnes fell across grades, from everything harvested down to the premium-grade share that earns the top price.

Harvested · 8,900 t On-spec · 7,300 t Premium · 5,100 t 82% 57%
03 / Soil & nutrition

Nitrogen use efficiency

Kilograms of grain grown for every kilogram of nitrogen applied, how hard your most expensive input is working.

Top 20% ~45 32 35 36 38 2023 2024 2025 2026

Nutrient replacement

Nutrient applied against nutrient removed in grain, by element, where the ratio drops below one, you're mining the soil bank.

Balance 1.0× 1.25× 1.05× 0.4× 1.25× N P K S

Soil pH

Topsoil acidity measured in calcium chloride, tracked against the target, the master variable behind nutrient availability and root health.

Target pHCa 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 2023 2024 2025 2026

Fallow efficiency

The share of summer-fallow rainfall captured and held as plant-available soil water at sowing, insurance against a dry finish.

31% Target 30% Stored 31% Lost 69%
04 / Financial

Cost of production

Total operating cost per tonne of grain produced, your breakeven, independent of whatever the market does at delivery.

$248 / t Fertiliser $78 Chemical $46 Machinery $52 Seed $22 Overheads $50

Price received

The average $/t your grain actually earned by crop and grade at delivery, read against cost of production, this is your margin.

Cost of production $248 $345 $332 $292 Wheat APW Barley malt Feed

Gross margin per hectare

Crop revenue minus the direct variable costs, per hectare, the cleanest read on how the program performed above overheads.

$620 $430 $505 $560 2023 2024 2025 2026

Breakeven yield

The yield needed just to cover this season's costs at the price received, the buffer between you and a break-even season.

2.7 achieved 3.8 t/ha 0 5 t/ha

Operating expense ratio

Total operating costs as a share of gross farm income, how many cents of every dollar earned the running of the farm consumes.

72% Costs 72% Margin 28%
05 / Environment

Emissions intensity

Tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emitted per tonne of grain produced, and it falls as nitrogen and fuel are used more efficiently.

Industry avg 0.32 0.34 0.28 2023 2024 2025 2026

See these KPIs live for your own program.

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